Technologies
Understand additive manufacturing's categories, technologies, materials, post-processes and terminology.
Printer Categories
AM's 7 printer category types.
The American Society for Testing and Materials International (ASTM) have defined the seven categories of Additive Manufacturing into which all of the different types fit. These are the recognised industry standard printer category classifications.
Vat Photopolymerisation
Vat Photopolymerisation is where a light source scans or flashes on a surface of light curable resin, tracing the cross section of the specific part layer. This is attached to the build platform which then rises by the set layer height and the next layer is scanned. This is repeated until all layers are complete and the finished part pulls clear of the resin reservoir.
Parts printed with Vat Polymerisation technologies with light curable resins always require support structures.
6 technologies
DLP
Digital Light Processing
DLP parts are built off a lifting build platform.
DLS (Clip)
Digital Light Synthesis
DLS (Clip) parts are built off a lifting build platform.
LMM
Lithography-based Metal Manufacturing
LMM parts are built off a lifting build platform.
PMSL
Projection Micro Stereolithography
PMSL parts are built off a lifting build platform.
SLA (Benchtop)
Stereolithography
SLA (Benchtop) parts are built off a lifting build platform.
SLA (High Grade)
Stereolithography
Cures liquid photopolymer with a UV laser, one layer at a time, for fine detail and smooth surfaces.
Advantages
- Vat Photopolymerisation is one of the fastest AM technology categories.
- Parts can have can achieve very fine and complex features.
- Can be watertight and/or airtight once cured.
- Parts have a smooth surface finish straight off the printer.
- Provides consistent repeatability.
- Large scale SLA and DLP equipment can build relatively large parts.
- Photocurable resin drained after the build can be collected and used again.
- Biocompatible materials are available.
- A wide range of materials are available.
Disadvantages
- Materials are relatively expensive.
- Parts can become brittle, especially when exposed to prolonged sunlight.
AM Environments
Like any machinery, it is important that it and any ancillary equipment are installed, operated and maintained in the appropriate environment.
These printer technologies are generally intended for the production of high quality, repeatable objects that require a controlled environment. They commonly include additional processing hardware.
They may also need a clean environment, climate control, industrial infrastructure, logistics and strict health and safety protocols:
DLS (Clip)
Digital Light Synthesis
DLS (Clip) parts are built off a lifting build platform.
FFF (High Grade)
Fused Filament Fabrication
FFF (High Grade) parts are built on a build plate surface.
LMD
Laser Metal Deposition
LMD parts are built on a build plate surface.
Paste Deposition
Paste Deposition parts are built on a build plate (or the ground slab) surface.
SLM
Selective Laser Melting
SLM parts are built within a build chamber.
SLS (Fine Detail Resolution)
Selective Laser Sintering
SLS (Fine Detail Resolution) parts are built within a build chamber.
SLS (Industrial)
Selective Laser Sintering
Uses a CO2 laser to sinter polymer powder into solid 3D structures. No support structures required.
SLA (High Grade)
Stereolithography
Cures liquid photopolymer with a UV laser, one layer at a time, for fine detail and smooth surfaces.
WAAM
Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing
WAAM parts are built on a build plate surface.