Paste Deposition

Step 1

Printing

Paste Deposition typically uses a form of concrete or clay with a paste-like consistency. This paste is fed through an extrusion system mounted on a gantry system or robotic arm. The extruder head follows the pattern of the layer geometry, building the object / structure up layer by layer. During this process, additional processes can take place, such as the placing of temporary support or specialised structures. Each deposited layer slowly sets over time.

Step 2

Support Removal

Manual Removal – Supports may be printed with the same or different paste and are typically cut or broken away after drying or curing. In construction, formwork and lintels will be needed to bridge openings. Soluble Support Removal Possible with water-soluble or sacrificial support materials, especially in bioprinting. Manual Cleaning Note: Extra care is needed for fragile green parts (pre-cured or pre-fired) during support removal.

Step 3

Surface Finishing

Sanding / Polishing Applied after curing or sintering, particularly for ceramics and metals. Chemical Smoothing / Coating Ceramic glazes, sealants, or surface etchants may be applied; bio-inks and soft polymers may be coated or encapsulated. Painting / Priming Applied when aesthetics or additional functional layers are needed. Gloss / Matte Control Achieved via surface coatings, glazing, or polishing, depending on the material.

Step 4

Curing / Heat Treatment

UV / Thermal Curing Thermal curing or drying to evaporate solvents or harden binders. Controlled heating profiles reduce cracking and warping. Annealing / Stress Relief Non-applicable.

Step 5

Assembly and Functional Finishing

Gluing or Bonding Possible for multi-material or hybrid assemblies. Drilling / Tapping / CNC Typically avoided unless material is fully cured/sintered; used for ceramic or metal parts that require high precision. Inserts / Fasteners May be embedded during or after printing depending on application (e.g., electronics or mechanical fixtures.)

Step 6

Special Treatments

Infiltration / Sealing Common for ceramics and metals to improve density, strength, or fluid impermeability. Functional Coatings Includes hydrophobic, electrical, thermal, or biocompatible coatings.